AvibrasFirst adaptation of the Falcão in Avibras laboratories. Ancestor is acclimated for acquiescence with Ministry of Aegis requirementsAvibras
An aggressive aggressive activity now underway in Brazil may about-face the country into an important research, development and assembly hub for new technologies in unmanned aeriform cartage (UAVs), additionally accepted as drones. Advised for Air Force use, the appropriately called Falcão, or Falcon, will be Brazil’s better aggressive UAV. If the activity is successful, the aircraft will accept a wingspan of 36 anxiety and minimum flight freedom of 16 hours. Its accountable uses accommodate abyssal surveillance, bound operations, chase and accomplishment missions, the action adjoin biologic trafficking and ecology crimes, and aegis and ecology for above contest like the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro – the Falcão’s estimated date of completion. Roughly R$85 actor accept already been invested on the new bombinate so far by the Brazilian Innovation Bureau (Finep), analysis institutes, and the aerodynamics industry.
Development of the Falcão began in the backward 2000s at Avibras, a Brazilian aggregation based in the burghal of São José dos Campos, accompaniment of São Paulo, in affiliation with the Aerospace Science and Technology Department (DCTA) of the Brazilian Air Force. The bombinate was able with aeronautics and ascendancy systems developed by addition aggregation in the aforementioned city: Flight Technologies, incubated by the Abstruse Institute of Aeronautics (ITA). The Falcão has been in assembly back February 2013 at Harpia Sistemas, a aggregation created through an affiliation amid Embraer Aegis & Aegis (the aggressive arm of aircraft architect Embraer) and AEL Sistemas, based in the burghal of Porto Alegre, accompaniment of Rio Grande do Sul. AEL is a accessory of Elbit Systems, one of Israel’s arch aegis articles manufacturers and supplier of the aboriginal drones anytime acclimated by the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) in 2010. In January 2013, Avibras additionally purchased a pale in Harpia. “Since then, we accept been belief configurations that will accommodated the Armed Forces’ operating requirements for a UAV arrangement that can achieve intelligence, surveillance and assay missions,” says Harpia CEO Rodrigo Fanton. The Falcão’s aboriginal ancestor will be the antecedent arrangement aloft which the adaptations appropriate by the Ministry of Aegis will be built, including a set of sensors, a abstracts advice arrangement and a ground-based ascendancy station.
DCTAAcauã: advised by DCTA to authenticate new UAV technologies in flightDCTA
The aircraft will counterbalance about 1,750 pounds and will be able to carriage added ammunition and accessories than added drones in the aforementioned category, aeriform at altitudes of up to 16,400 feet. Inside the drone, instead of a pilot, there will be sensors, cameras and radar, amid added equipment. Much of the Falcão’s anatomy was developed application Brazilian technology, such as the anchored electronics, control, and aeronautics systems. “It will be agnate in admeasurement to the Super Tucano, Embraer’s appropriate advance turboprop plane,” says Flavio Araripe d’Oliveira, UAV activity coordinator at DCTA. “Midsize and ample UAVs like the Falcão are controlled from the arena by technicians in arena stations able with computers and advice systems,” he says.
The Falcão uses addition Brazilian UAV as a testing belvedere for its aeronautics and ascendancy systems: the Acauã, a 330-pound bombinate with a 16.4-foot wingspan, completed in 2010. The Acauã was accordingly developed by the DCTA, Avibras, and analysis centers endemic by the Brazilian Army (CTEx) and Navy (IPqM) (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 185). Dozens of beginning flights accept been completed at the Air Force Academy in the burghal of Pirassununga, in civil São Paulo State. The Acauã is now allotment of a activity conducted by the DCTA, the Brazilian Army and Navy, Flight Technologies, and Rio de Janeiro-based Bossan Computação Científica (BCC). The ally are planning to architecture an automated ascent and landing technology, which got off to a acceptable alpha back the antecedent aerodrome abstracts were completed in August 2013. The activity has been awarded R$4 actor in allotment from Finep. “We developed a arrangement with DGPS-based adjacency sensors, which assures actual absolute accessory positioning, and a alarm altimeter that can admeasurement the aircraft’s acme in affiliation to the ground. Before now, takeoffs and landings were consistently controlled by an operator,” D’Oliveira explains.
IAETurbine for ample UAVs at DCTAIAE
Also at the DCTA, advisers from the Aeronautics and Space Institute (IAE), in affiliation with advisers from ITA and engineers from TGM Turbinas, a aggregation based in the burghal of Sertãozinho, accompaniment of São Paulo, are alive on addition activity that may added actuate the Brazilian bombinate industry. Added specifically, they are developing a turbojet agent powered by aerodynamics ammunition for use in UAVs belief up to 2,645 pounds. The Low Thrust Aeronautical Agent (TAPP) is the aboriginal Brazil-made artefact of its kind, with aeriform backbone and an achievement of 5,000 newtons (N) – abundant to adeptness an aircraft of up to 3,300 pounds. “We’re designing a accumulation of turbines for use in UAVs and missiles, as able-bodied as a band for electric generators,” says Alexandre Roma from TGM, one of the engineers in allegation of the project. He reveals that the accessories will not initially be installed in the Falcão, but rather in aeriform targets for fighter pilot training.
Mass assembly In July 2013, the IAE bench-tested the TAPP for the aboriginal time. According to automated architect José Francisco Monteiro, activity coordinator, all of the turbine’s apparatus were fabricated in Brazil except one: the address that supports its axis. The project’s goals accommodate training Brazilian manpower so that the TAPP can access accumulation production. “Since this agent can be acclimatized assimilate all-embracing missiles, the absolute nuclear weapon nonproliferation treaties accept fabricated its commercialization added difficult. The another is to achieve the agent in Brazil,” says Monteiro. Added testing for the TAPP is appointed to booty abode by the end of 2013, aiming for a best operating acceleration of 28,000 rotations per minute. The activity has been awarded R$30 actor in allotment from Finep. The bureau has already accomplished 23 affairs and agreements, annual a absolute of R$69 million, for analysis and abstruse development of UAVs in Brazil, says William Respondovesk, arch of Finep’s Department for the Aerospace, Aegis and Aegis Industries.
The inherent advantages in application drones in aggressive operations – exemplified best acutely by American aggressive operations afterwards September 11, 2001, has added admiring the absorption of abounding countries. From 2005 to 2012, for instance, the cardinal of nations that acquired UAV technology rose from 41 to 76. During the aforementioned period, the cardinal of bombinate analysis programs in these countries jumped from 195 to 900, fueling a always evolving market. The U.S. still controls a ample block of the industry. Northrop Grumman and General Atomics Aeronautical Systems calm annual for 63% of the world’s bombinate production, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office.
Annual spending on UAV research, development and sales is additionally accepted to bifold over the abutting decade, extensive $12 billion and accretion $90 billion over the abutting ten years, according to Apple unmanned aeriform cartage systems, bazaar contour and anticipation 2013, a address appear in June 2013 by Teal Group, an American consulting close that specializes in the aerospace and aegis industries. The U.S. Department of Aegis is accepted to advance its arch position in the UAV industry. Israel comes in second, accounting for 41% of all drones exported amid 2001 and 2011, according to the Stockholm All-embracing Peace Analysis Institute, an alignment that conducts analysis into issues accompanying to all-embracing battle and security.
XmobotsApoena: acclimated for ecology ecology at the Jirau Hydroelectric Plant, in the accompaniment of RondôniaXmobots
Data capturing Contempo advances in computational technology forth with the development of lighter abstracts and avant-garde all-around aeronautics systems accept been communicable the eye of advisers who use drones to abduction abstracts in difficult-to-access areas. On June 13, 2013, the account Nature appear an commodity assuming how this blazon of technology can be advantageous to the bookish world. Advisers from the University of Colorado, to name aloof one example, accept been application UAVs to admeasurement jet streams in Antarctica. This may advice them accept the dynamics that gave acceleration to the accumulation of Antarctic glaciers. Biologists accept additionally congenital UAVs into their acreage work. In India, the Apple Wildlife Fund (WWF) has been application drones to ascertain the attendance of poachers.
This amplification above aggressive applications has additionally been apparent in Brazil. In contempo years, at atomic bristles bounded companies accept amorphous to advance in the analysis and development of new UAVs. AGX is one of them. Based in the burghal of São Carlos, accompaniment of São Paulo, the aggregation has been affianced back 2009 in a collective accomplishment with the National Institute of Science and Technology for Critical Anchored Systems (INCT-SEC), based at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo (USP). Their ambition is to architecture UAV solutions for agricultural, environmental, and mining applications. “This is the best activating and fastest-growing breadth of the aerospace and aegis industry worldwide,” says AGX CEO Adriano Kancelkis. The aggregation accustomed allotment from FAPESP’s Innovative Analysis in Baby Businesses Program (Pipe).
AGXThe VSX drone, a new alarm carrier fabricated by AGX and AeroálcoolAGX
Two of AGX’s drones, the Tiriba and Arara II, accommodate Brazilian technology. They accept altered characteristics, but can be acclimatized in abounding means for use in agronomical missions. The two UAVs can be acclimated in aeriform surveys, application accepted high-definition cameras, sensors, and thermal and multispectral cameras. “This technology is able to accurately analyze pests and gaps in crops, as able-bodied as areas afflicted by abrasion and river silting,” Kancelkis explains. The Tiriba, appear in 2011, has an electric engine, best acceleration of 54 knots, and flight freedom of 30 minutes. The bombinate is currently actuality acclimated in a pilot activity for ecology ecology in affiliation with the Ecology Aggressive Police of the accompaniment of São Paulo. “We accept completed a few flights, but the UAV is still apprehension acceptance by the National Civil Aerodynamics Bureau [Anac], the academy amenable for acceding these aircraft to fly,” says Kancelkis.
Precision agronomics The aggregation has additionally been advance in new models like the VSX, a UAV developed in affiliation with INCT-SEC and Aeroálcool, a aggregation based in the burghal of Franca, accompaniment of São Paulo. With a flight freedom of 20 hours, the VSX can achieve missions at a ambit of 2,160 abyssal afar at a acceleration of 108 knots. “The VSX was advised to backpack constructed breach alarm (SAR). In a forest, the alarm can map not aloof the acme of the trees, but additionally what’s on the arena below,” says Kancelkis. The activity accustomed R$2 actor in allotment from Finep. The VSX will be acclimated by the architect of its alarm accessories (Orbisat, based in the burghal of Campinas) for surveillance in areas of burghal conflict, accustomed disasters, and bound monitoring. AGX additionally afresh anchored a affiliation with Purdue University, in the United States. “Our ambition is to accomplish in the attention agronomics articulation in the U.S. and advance new technologies for alien sensing,” says Kancelkis.
EmbrapaImage captured by a UAV: advice about gaps in plantations and for crop crop estimatesEmbrapa
Between 2010 and 2013, XMobots, a aggregation based in the burghal of São Carlos, mapped and quantified deforestation in the breadth surrounding the Jirau Hydroelectric Plant, which is currently beneath architecture on the Madeira River in the accompaniment of Rondônia. “We capital our UAV, the Apoena, to abduction images that would acknowledge whether the companies were acknowledging with ecology laws and regulations,” explains Giovani Amianti, a accomplice at XMobots, which additionally accustomed Pipe allotment in 2007. Afterwards a few months, the images produced by the bombinate started actuality acclimated as a constant to actuate the areas that anniversary aggregation had deforested. The Apoena completed operations over the advance of 18 months and was again replaced by a altered archetypal of drone, the Nauru, for an added year. “The Apoena is now technologically mature. We intend to absolution a new adaptation in aboriginal 2014. It will be a larger, safer aircraft with flight freedom of added than eight hours and the adeptness to accomplish in burghal areas,” says Amianti.
The Nauru is a abate UAV than the Apoena, with a five-hour flight autonomy, belief 33 pounds, and accepting a wingspan of 7.5 feet. In May 2013, Anac awarded the Nauru its Beginning Flight Authorization Certificate. “This makes us the alone aggregation in Brazil accustomed by Anac to achieve flights for UAV analysis and development. Before us, alone the Brazilian Federal Police had noncombatant UAVs certified to fly in the country,” says XMobots administrator Fábio Henrique Assis. But he explains that the acceptance action for these aircraft is simpler, as the Nauru will be acclimated for agronomical purposes, in a belted airspace. In June, during a geotechnology assemblage in São Paulo, the aggregation appear the Echar, a new archetypal belief 13 pounds, and with a wingspan of 6.9 anxiety and flight freedom of 60 minutes. It will be acclimated for surveillance adjoin actionable mining, actionable logging, and aggression of ecology canning areas, as able-bodied as for crop crop forecasting. “The Echar’s development was tailored to our clients’ needs,” says Amianti.
Ana Paula CamposIn Gavião Peixoto, a burghal abreast São Carlos, advisers at Embrapa Instrumentation additionally use drones in attention agriculture. A altered model, akin a mini-helicopter, periodically flies over orange plantations in adjustment to ascertain greening, a ache that impairs bake-apple ripening and yellows the trees’ leaves. “We’ve been application UAVs in agronomical activities back 1998, with the Autonomous Radio-Assisted Assay Aircraft activity (Arara), in affiliation with Professor Onofre from USP (see Pesquisa FAPESP Issue No. 123),” says electronics architect Lúcio Jorge from Embrapa. “We invested in the development of angel processing methodologies for bargain drones.” Embrapa purchased the unmanned mini-helicopter, acclimated as a pesticide besom for rice, soybean and aureate crops, from the American aggregation Rotomotion. “This activity enabled us to advance software and angel capturing systems for altered agronomical applications in Brazil,” says the researcher. “But the activity requires added investment, abnormally because Rotomotion is a baby aggregation that would accept agitation affair Brazil’s abounding demand, including training and arrangement adaptations.” Embrapa additionally uses multirotor systems, accepted as multicopters, which accomplish on chargeless software and accommodate a beneath cher technology option.
Even with the segment’s fast development, UAV flights still abridgement specific regulation. “We abject ourselves on the absolute requirements for manned aircraft,” explains Assis from XMobots. The capital accident factors currently associated with bombinate flights common are the assurance of bodies in fly-over areas, abeyant collisions with aircraft that allotment the aforementioned airspace, and acreage accident in the accident of a crash. “They should be advised as aircraft, not toys,” says Professor João Batista Camargo Júnior from USP’s Polytechnic School (Poli). He believes that specific rules should be put in abode according to the advised purposes of anniversary drone. According to Nei Brasil, admiral of Flight Technologies – which has already developed and delivered three baby drones to the Brazilian Army and Navy –, Anac is planning to adapt noncombatant UAV flights by 2014. “Anac is afterward the recommendations of the All-embracing Civil Aerodynamics Alignment (ICAO), which has created assignment groups to altercate rules for UAV use in the noncombatant market,” he says. According to Camargo Júnior, the Brazilian authorities should advance with care. “When it comes to UAVs, aerodynamics authorities should assure the population’s assurance after compromising the bounded industry R&D.”
Projects1. A arrangement for the automated mapping of agronomical abundance (nº 2005/04485-2); Grant Mechanism Innovative Analysis in Baby Businesses Program (Pipe); Coordinator Rafael Alexandre Ferrarezi/AGX; Investment R$ 52,152.00 (FAPESP).2. Activity for a certifiable avionics arrangement for unmanned aeriform cartage (UAVs) (nº 2007/55661-0); Grant Mechanism Innovative Analysis in Baby Businesses Program (Pipe); Coordinator Giovani Amianti/XMobots; Investment R$ 56,940.84 and $16,670.37 (FAPESP).
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